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NASA spacesuits have done a good job at protecting astronauts from environmental extremes experienced in spacewalks - but the bulky layers that keep wearers safe also make the suits challenging to work in.
"The new suits are supposedly going to be a lot better in flexibility and movement," said NASA shuttle astronaut Steve Swanson, who is intimately familiar with the suits after four spacewalks in two missions to the International Space Station. The most recent was in the spring.
It's no easy feat to make a thin, flexible garment that offers protection against extreme cold and heat (-250 degrees F to 250 degrees F), as well as puncture by micrometeorites. The suits are complex systems that provide pressure, oxygen, carbon dioxide removal and thermal protection. A system of cooling tubes is in the first layer.
"NASA really wants to decrease the weight in sending all those suits up there," said T. J. Anderson, a Boise State University materials science student working on the next generation of suits. "Every pound you add to the ship, you have to add rocket fuel to get it into orbit."
Former astronaut Barbara Morgan, who now works at BSU, didn't do any space walks during her mission to the International Space Station in 2007. But she trained in the spacesuits in the neutral buoyancy pool at Johnson Space Center.
"You feel like the Michelin man," Morgan said.
The suits also are rigid, limiting range of motion. You cannot put your arms straight out to your sides, like a "T." The gloves are pressurized and have a hard palm plate.
"Imagine putting on several layers of really thick gloves, and you're trying to work with those," Morgan said.
Swanson, whose parents and siblings live in the Treasure Valley, said the neutral buoyancy pool helps astronauts learn how to use the tools with the thick, pressurized gloves on. Still, he sees the gloves as the most challenging part of working in the spacesuit.
"Sometimes the hardest thing is starting a bolt by hand, just like when you're working on your car," he said.
But there are many, many differences between working on the International Space Station and your car.
For one thing, the gravity on Earth means car mechanics don't have to restrain their feet or tether themselves in order to turn a bolt. If they accidentally drop a wrench, it won't float away.
Spacesuits are designed to withstand tears. The risks are great if the suit is compromised - there are warning systems to alert astronauts. In a vacuum, a human's blood boils.
"And you're dead within seconds," Morgan said.
Swanson said, "A leak is a very bad day."
"That really doesn't give me any anxiety," Swanson said. "The anxiety comes from hoping you don't screw up out there ... Micrometeorites fly by all the time; they can put holes in all sorts of things. We're all set for these events. We're trained."
Spacesuits have computers in the front and life support systems on the back. The computer supports communications with NASA on Earth.
Astronauts' spacesuits have come a long way since the 1960s, when they were modified versions of a U.S. Navy high-altitude jet pressure suits. Those early spacesuits weren't designed for spacewalks.
"In the early days of Mercury, the very first program, we were learning. It was very developmental stuff. The suit was a backup. There was no intent of going outside the vehicle," said said Glenn Lutz, NASA's project manager for Extravehicular Activity Systems at Johnson Space Center in Houston.
Lutz said one of the things NASA learned from the Apollo mission to the moon was that spacesuits should have few, if any, zippers, as that's an excellent place for lunar dust to settle. The boots for the Constellation Program to the moon and Mars will be better designed for walking, climbing down ladders and over rocks.
Katy Moeller: 377-6413
When Boise native Dan Isla was a boy, he dreamed of space exploration and becoming an astronaut. While studying at Boise State University, he decided he wanted to be an engineer.
"Some day, maybe I'll be both," said Isla, 25, a spring BSU graduate who started his new job at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., on June 15. "I definitely see myself working within the different NASA centers for the rest of my career."
Two of Isla's engineering classmates - T.J. Anderson and wife, Haley Anderson - also have landed work in the aerospace industry. They're helping design the next spacesuit.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory builds and operates planetary spacecraft and operates NASA's Deep Space Network. Isla completed a 10-week internship there on the Deep Impact comet probe last summer and was offered a job when he obtained his degree in electrical and computer engineering.
Even for top students like Isla, it's heady stuff to land a job at NASA - particularly during a recession that's making it difficult for college grads entering the job market.
"I'm very fortunate to have a job right out of college and to be at NASA. It's like all my dreams are coming true," Isla said in a phone interview this week from Pasadena.
"It's a really big deal to have these students off working these jobs," said former space shuttle astronaut Barbara Morgan, who last year became a distinguished educator in residence at BSU.
"They are the future of the program. As the work force continues to age at NASA, we need young people going into the field," Morgan said.
It's also a pivotal time for NASA, which in July will celebrate the 40th anniversary of the moon landing, as it works to develop new rockets to resume trips to the moon by 2020 as part of its Constellation program. If fully funded, NASA's plan is to create a lunar base and then launch missions to Mars.
T.J. and Haley Anderson are working for NASA Houston-based contractor Oceaneering Space Systems Inc. Oceaneering won the NASA contract to design and produce spacesuits for the Constellation program, which includes proposed missions to the moon and Mars. The contract is worth up to $745 million.
T.J. Anderson, a senior in materials science at BSU, already is testing materials for space flight vehicles and spacesuits.
"What I'm really kind of excited about is the satisfaction that comes with the longevity of the project. Once it's done, you know everything about it and you can say, 'I helped build that,' " Anderson said.
Anderson, 26, who previously worked as an intern at NASA in Langley, Va., has a paid internship with Oceaneering that likely will lead to a job when he completes his degree later this year.
He has one upper-level materials science class to finish at BSU before he graduates. His graduation was delayed because he had to have reconstructive surgery on his knee after a bike accident.
Haley Anderson, 23, a native Tennesseean who met T.J. at Boise State, received her degree in mechanical engineering.
She coordinates communication, schedules, budgets, documentation and testing. She feels comfortable working in aerospace, in part because she grew up in it - her dad designed the solar panels for the International Space Station and currently works for Jacobs Engineering at NASA Langley.
"I think the moves toward innovation and the new space program are excellent and long-needed. I hope that my generation and future generations will get as excited about space exploration as the generation before us," she said.
Isla was hired to work on the Ground Data System at JPL. The lifelong Boisean is now living in an apartment about eight miles from JPL's campus in Pasadena, Calif.
"The Ground Data System is how you get messages or data from your spacecraft back to Earth processed and displayed for the flight controller or engineer - any pictures of the Martian surface, stars or data of planetary systems," Isla said. "Every message from NASA's rovers and deep-space craft goes through this network."
Katy Moeller: 377-6413
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